Sankardev Tithi, a day of immense cultural and spiritual significance in Assam, marks the birth anniversary of Srimanta Sankardev, one of the most revered figures in Assamese history. Sankardev was not only a saint but also a social reformer, poet, playwright, and a visionary who shaped the cultural and religious landscape of Assam in the 15th and 16th centuries. His contributions continue to resonate in the socio-cultural and religious life of Assam, making his tithi (death anniversary) a day of profound reflection and celebration.
The Life and Times of Srimanta Sankardev
Born in 1449 in the village of Alipukhuri, Bordowa, in present-day Nagaon district of Assam, the saint was destined to become a transformative figure in Assamese history. From an early age, he exhibited signs of extraordinary intelligence and spiritual inclination. Orphaned at a young age, he was raised by his grandmother, who ensured he received a strong education, which was rare for children of his time. His education laid the foundation for his later works, encompassing literature, music, dance, and theology.
His life was a pilgrimage in itself. He traveled extensively across India, interacting with various scholars and saints, which broadened his understanding of religion, philosophy, and culture. These travels deeply influenced his thoughts and played a crucial role in shaping his vision of Eka Sarana Naam Dharma, a monotheistic and bhakti-based religious movement that emphasized devotion to a single deity, Lord Krishna.
Sankardev and the Bhakti Movement
Srimanta Sankardev is often credited with spearheading the Bhakti Movement in Assam, a movement that swept across India during the medieval period, emphasizing devotion (bhakti) to a personal god as the path to salvation. Unlike the rigid and hierarchical religious practices prevalent at the time, the Bhakti Movement advocated a more personal and direct relationship with God, accessible to all, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender.
Sankardev’s Eka Sarana Naam Dharma was a distinct offshoot of the Bhakti Movement, rooted in the worship of Lord Krishna. He introduced the concept of ‘Sarana’ (complete surrender to God), which became the cornerstone of his teachings. His approach was inclusive, and he preached the universality of God, rejecting caste distinctions and ritualistic practices. This egalitarian approach attracted a large following, making his teachings popular among the masses.
Contributions to Literature and the Arts
Sankardev’s contributions to Assamese literature and the arts are monumental. He was a prolific writer and composed numerous works that include Borgeets (devotional songs), Ankiya Naat (one-act plays), and Kirtans (songs of praise). His literary works are not just religious texts but are also rich in poetic beauty and philosophical depth. His Borgeets, in particular, hold a special place in Assamese culture, often sung in prayer and during religious ceremonies.
The Ankiya Naat or one-act plays created by Sankardev are masterpieces that blend religious themes with dramatic storytelling. These plays, written in the Assamese language, were performed in open spaces, making them accessible to everyone. They combined music, dance, and drama, and were instrumental in the propagation of his religious teachings. The Ankiya Naat tradition has evolved over the centuries but remains an integral part of Assamese culture.
Sankardev also pioneered the creation of the Sattriya dance form, which is now one of the eight classical dance forms of India. This dance form, originally performed in the Sattras (monastic institutions established by Sankardev and his followers), is a vibrant expression of devotion through movement, music, and rhythm. It reflects the spiritual ethos of Sankardev’s teachings and has been preserved and propagated by his followers over the centuries.
The Establishment of Sattras
One of Sankardev’s lasting legacies is the establishment of Sattras, which are monastic institutions that function as centers of religious, cultural, and social life. The Sattras were not merely places of worship but also educational and cultural hubs where the teachings of Sankardev were imparted to the community. These institutions played a crucial role in the spread of the Eka Sarana Naam Dharma across Assam and beyond.
The Sattras continue to be a vibrant part of Assamese society, with some of them being over 400 years old. They have preserved the traditions of Sankardev, including the performance of Sattriya dance, the singing of Borgeets, and the enactment of Ankiya Naat. The Sattras are also centers of learning where religious scriptures, music, dance, and the arts are taught, ensuring the continuity of Sankardev’s cultural legacy.
Social Reforms and Impact
Sankardev was not just a spiritual leader but also a social reformer who sought to create a more egalitarian society. His teachings emphasized the equality of all human beings, regardless of caste or social status. This was a radical departure from the caste-based hierarchical society of his time. He welcomed people from all sections of society into his fold, including those who were traditionally marginalized.
His emphasis on devotion as the sole path to salvation made religion accessible to the common people, breaking down the barriers created by complex rituals and caste distinctions. This inclusive approach not only brought spiritual solace to many but also fostered a sense of community and collective identity among his followers.
Sankardev Tithi: A Day of Celebration and Reflection
Sankardev Tithi is observed with great reverence across Assam and by Assamese communities worldwide. It is a day of devotion, where people remember and celebrate the life and teachings of Srimanta Sankardev. The day typically begins with prayers and singing of Borgeets in homes and Namghars (community prayer halls). Special programs, including Ankiya Naat performances and Sattriya dance recitals, are organized in Sattras and cultural centers.
In addition to religious observances, Sankardev Tithi is also a time for cultural reflection. Scholars and devotees engage in discussions and seminars to delve deeper into the philosophy and teachings of Sankardev. The day serves as a reminder of the values he espoused – devotion, equality, and the pursuit of knowledge – and their relevance in contemporary society.
In many parts of Assam, processions are held where devotees carry the Sarana (symbolic of Sankardev’s teachings) and chant Naam (holy chants) through the streets. These processions are a vibrant expression of faith and community, reflecting the enduring influence of Sankardev in the daily lives of the Assamese people.
The Continuing Legacy of Srimanta Sankardev
Srimanta Sankardev’s influence extends beyond the religious sphere. His contributions to Assamese culture, language, and society are immeasurable. The institutions he established, the literature he composed, and the cultural practices he initiated have all become integral to the identity of Assam.
In modern times, the teachings of Sankardev continue to inspire social and cultural movements aimed at fostering unity, compassion, and social justice. His vision of a society based on the principles of equality and devotion remains a guiding light for many, and his legacy is a source of pride for the people of Assam.
Conclusion
Sankardev Tithi is not just a commemoration of a historical figure; it is a celebration of a cultural and spiritual renaissance that transformed Assam. The life and teachings of Srimanta Sankardev are a testament to the power of faith, art, and social reform in shaping a community. As Assam continues to evolve, the legacy of Sankardev remains a cornerstone of its identity, reminding future generations of the values of devotion, inclusivity, and the pursuit of knowledge. Celebrating Sankardev Tithi is thus not only a tribute to a great saint but also a reaffirmation of the rich cultural heritage that he bequeathed to Assam.
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